A cable is two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted or braided together to form a single assembly. In mechanics cables, otherwise known as wire ropes, are used for lifting, hauling and towing or conveying force through tension. In electrical engineering cables are used to carry electric currents. An optical cable contains one or more optical fibers in a protective jacket that supports the fibers.

Electric cables discussed here are mainly meant for installation in buildings and industrial sites. For power transmission at distances greater than a few kilometres see high voltage cable, power cables and HVDC.

History

Ropes made of multiple strands of natural fibers such as hemp, sisal, manila, and cotton have been used for millennia for hoisting and hauling. By the 19th century, deepening of mines and construction of large ships increased demand for stronger cables. Invention of improved steelmaking techniques made high quality steel available at lower cost, and so wire ropes became common in mining and other industrial applications. By the middle of the 19th century, manufacture of large submarine telegraph cables was done using machines similar to those used for manufacture of mechanical cables.

In the 19th century and early 20th century, electrical cable was often insulated using cloth, rubber and paper. Plastic materials are generally used today, except for high reliability power cables.

Electrical cables

Electrical cables may be made more flexible by stranding the wires. In this process, smaller individual wires are twisted or braided together to produce larger wires that are more flexible than solid wires of similar size. Bunching small wires before concentric stranding adds the most flexibility. Copper wires in a cable may be bare, or they may be plated with a thin layer of another metal, most often tin but sometimes gold, silver or some other material. Tin, gold, and silver are much less prone to oxidation than copper, which may lengthen wire life, and makes soldering easier. Tinning is also used to provide lubrication between strands. Tinning was used to help removal of rubber insulation. Tight lays during stranding makes the cable extensible (CBA - as in telephone handset cords).

Cables can be securely fastened and organized, such as by using trunking, cable trays, cable ties or cable lacing. Continuous-flex or flexible cables used in moving applications within cable carriers can be secured using strain relief devices or cable ties.

At high frequencies, current tends to run along the surface of the conductor. This is known as the skin effect.

Cables and electromagnetic fields

Any current-carrying conductor, including a cable, radiates an electromagnetic field. Likewise, any conductor or cable will pick up energy from any existing electromagnetic field around it. These effects are often undesirable, in the first case amounting to unwanted transmission of energy which may adversely affect nearby equipment or other parts of the same piece of equipment; and in the second case, unwanted pickup of noise which may mask the desired signal being carried by the cable, or, if the cable is carrying power supply or control voltages, pollute them to such an extent as to cause equipment malfunction.

The first solution to these problems is to keep cable lengths in buildings short, since pick up and transmission are essentially proportional to the length of the cable. The second solution is to route cables away from trouble. Beyond this, there are particular cable designs that minimize electromagnetic pickup and transmission. Three of the principal design techniques are shielding, coaxial geometry, and twisted-pair geometry.

Shielding makes use of the electrical principle of the Faraday cage. The cable is encased for its entire length in foil or wire mesh. All wires running inside this shielding layer will be to a large extent decoupled from external electric fields, particularly if the shield is connected to a point of constant voltage, such as earth. Simple shielding of this type is not greatly effective against low-frequency magnetic fields, however - such as magnetic "hum" from a nearby power transformer. A grounded shield on cables operating at 2 kV or more gathers leakage current and capacitive current, protecting people from electric shock and equalizing stress on the cable insulation.

Coaxial design helps to further reduce low-frequency magnetic transmission and pickup. In this design the foil or mesh shield is perfectly tubular - i.e. with a circular cross section - and the inner conductor (there can only be one) is situated exactly at its center. This causes the voltages induced by a magnetic field between the shield and the core conductor to consist of two nearly equal magnitudes which cancel each other.

The twisted pair is a simple expedient where two wires of a cable, rather than running parallel to each other, are twisted around each other, forming a pair of intertwined helices. This can be achieved by putting one end of the pair in a hand drill and turning while maintaining moderate tension on the line. Field cancellation between successive twists of the pair considerably reduces electromagnetic pickup and transmission.

Power-supply cables feeding sensitive electronic devices are sometimes fitted with a series-wired inductor called a choke which blocks high frequencies that may have been picked up by the cable, preventing them from passing into the device.

Fire protection

In building construction, electrical cable jacket material is a potential source of fuel for fires. To limit the spread of fire along cable jacketing, one may use cable coating materials or one may use cables with jacketing that is inherently fire retardant. The plastic covering on some metal clad cables may be stripped off at installation to reduce the fuel source for accidental fires. In Europe in particular, it is often customary to place inorganic wraps and boxes around cables in order to safeguard the adjacent areas from the potential fire threat associated with unprotected cable jacketing. However, this fire protection also traps heat generated from conductor losses, so the protection must be thin.

There are two methods of providing fire protection to a cable:

#Insulation material is deliberately added up with fire retardant materials #The copper conductor itself is covered with mineral insulation (MICC cables)

Electrical cable types

Basic cable types are as follows:

;Shape

Ribbon cable

;Construction Based on construction and cable properties, they can be sorted into the following:

Coaxial cable

Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable

Twinax cable

Flexible cables

Non-metallic sheathed cable (or nonmetallic building wire, NM, NM-B) Metallic sheathed cable (or armored cable, AC, or BX)

Multicore cable (consist of more than one wire and is covered by cable jacket)

Shielded cable

Single cable (from time to time this name is used for wire)

Twisted pair

Twisting cable

;Special

Arresting cable

Bowden cable

Heliax cable

Direct-buried cable

Heavy-lift cable

Elevator cable

Application

Audiovisual cable

Bicycle cable

Communications cable

Computer cable

Mechanical cable

Sensing cable

Submersible cable

Wire rope (wire cable)

See also

For transmission see: Power cable, High voltage cable and HVDC

Cable dressing

Cable gland

Cable harness

Cable lacing

Cable length

Cable management

Cable modem

Cable reel

Cable television

Cable tray

Category 5 cable

Category 6 cable

Category 7 cable

Circuit integrity

Cross-linked polyethylene

DOCSIS

Electrical connector

Electrical wiring

Extension cable

International Cablemakers Federation

Over/under cable coiling

Polyvinyl chloride

Portable cord

Power cable

Profibus

Submarine communications cable

Submarine power cable

Steel Wire Armoured (SWA) Cable

SY control cable

Tensile structure

Transmission line

Wire

Wire rope

References

Further reading

R. M. Black, ''The History of Electric Wires and Cables'', Peter Pergrinus, London 1983 ISBN 0-86341-001-4

BICC Cables Ltd, "Electric Cables Handbook", WileyBlackwell; London 3rd Edition edition 1997, ISBN 0-63204-075-0

External links

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Coordinates	40°13′52″N76°49′56″N
title	Murder of Jasmine Fiore
location	Orange County, California (presumed)
date
type	Strangulation
fatalities	Jasmine Fiore, Ryan Jenkins
susperp	Ryan Jenkins, husband }}

The murder of Jasmine Fiore occurred on August 15, 2009. Fiore (born Jasmine Lepore) was a model from Santa Cruz, California, United States. Her body was discovered on August 15, 2009, strangled and stuffed into a suitcase. Her remains had been mutilated to prevent recognition; she was eventually identified by the serial numbers of her breast implants. Fiore was 28 years old at the time of her death.

Her husband, a former reality show contestant, Ryan Alexander Jenkins, was the only suspect and was formally charged with the murder. On August 23, 2009, Jenkins was found dead in a hotel room in Hope, British Columbia, Canada. He was 32 years old.

Background

Fiore was a swimsuit model and actress who frequently worked as a body-painted model at parties for entertainment. She appeared in shows at Las Vegas casinos. Fiore had acted in commercials such as adult chat line ads. Fiore had also obtained a real estate license and was about to open a gym and personal training center.

According to Fiore's friend of a year-and-a-half, Marta Montoya, Fiore had a longstanding but intermittently serious relationship with Robert Hasman, with whom Fiore wanted to settle down. According to ''People'' magazine, another suitor of Jasmine's was Travis Heinrich, whom she met around 2005. Heinrich and Fiore had become engaged and remained so for less than half a year in 2006 or 2007; although the couple broke off this engagement, they continued to date.

Marriage

Fiore had met Canadian-born Ryan Jenkins at a Las Vegas casino shortly after Jenkins had completed filming ''Megan Wants a Millionaire''. Two days later – March 18, 2009 – the pair married at The Little White Wedding Chapel on the Las Vegas Strip. According to court records, Jenkins was charged in June 2009 in Clark County, Nevada, with "battery constituting domestic violence" for hitting Fiore in the arm. Travis Heinrich, who was present, said Jenkins and Fiore had been arguing over her friendship with Heinrich, which resulted in Jenkins hitting Fiore's arm and causing her to fall into a nearby swimming pool. Jenkins was to go on trial in December. The pair had reconciled shortly before Fiore's death and was reportedly traveling to San Diego for a poker game.

Lisa Lepore, Fiore's mother, claims that the two fought frequently and that Jenkins had been jealous of Fiore's friendships with her ex-boyfriends. Dan Jenkins, Ryan Jenkins' father, said that Fiore was his son's only friend in California and that she would disappear for days at a time and lie about it to his son. In addition, Lepore told The Associated Press that her daughter had the marriage to Jenkins annulled in May 2009. However, there were no court records of an annulment in either Nevada, where the couple was married, or in Los Angeles County, where they most recently lived.

Murder

Fiore's body was discovered, but not identified, on Saturday, August 15, 2009 at about 7 a.m. Her badly beaten and crushed body was discovered inside a suitcase inside a dumpster in an alley in Buena Park, California. According to Buena Park police, Fiore's teeth and fingers had been removed before her nude body was stuffed into the suitcase. She had also been strangled. Authorities believe the mutilation was an attempt to impede identification. On August 18, her remains were identified using the serial numbers from her breast implants. The Orange County coroner's office reported Fiore had died a couple of hours before her body was found. Fiore's white Mercedes was found abandoned in a parking lot in West Hollywood, Los Angeles, about a mile from the penthouse Fiore shared with Jenkins in Fairfax District, Los Angeles. Police reported that there was a significant amount of blood, and some evidence of hair pulling.

Investigators reported that Jenkins and Fiore checked into the L'Auberge hotel in Del Mar, San Diego, on the evening of August 13, 2009. They were to attend a poker tournament, a charity fund-raiser for the Carma Foundation at the Del Mar Hilton. Surveillance video captured Fiore and Jenkins leaving the Hilton at about 2:30 a.m. on the morning of August 14, 2009. The couple were later seen at the Ivy Hotel, a nightclub in downtown San Diego. At around 4:30 a.m., Jenkins returned to the L'Auberge hotel in Del Mar alone. Fiore was not seen alive again. Jenkins left the L'Auberge hotel at around 9 a.m. the following morning (Friday, August 14). Jenkins reported Fiore missing in the evening of August 15 at 8:55 p.m. Jenkins told police that he last saw Fiore about 8:30 p.m. August 14 at their home in Edinburgh Avenue, Los Angeles. Jenkins said they had gone to San Diego for a poker event and that, after returning, she dropped him off that evening. She apparently said she had errands to do, but never returned.

U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Customs and Border Patrol confirmed that they had boats patrolling northwest Washington waters looking for Jenkins, as early as Wednesday, August 19, although Jenkins was still only a "Person of Interest". Jenkins was charged with Fiore's murder and an arrest warrant was issued on Thursday, August 20.

Jenkins' movements after the murder

At around 9 a.m. on August 16, 2009, the day after reporting Fiore missing and after spending some time packing, Jenkins was seen leaving their penthouse for the final time. Police said Jenkins then left Los Angeles and went to Nevada to pick up his speedboat. On Monday, August 17, when contacted by police, Jenkins said he was in Utah and was headed to Canada to resolve some immigration issues. On August 18, Fiore's body was identified and the murder was first reported in the media. In the afternoon of August 19, Jenkins called his father from Birch Bay who informed him Fiore had been found murdered.

Initial media reports were that the US Coast Guard and Canadian authorities chased Jenkins' speedboat as it crossed to Point Roberts but these reports were later denied by officials. At the time Jenkins was only a person of interest in the investigation and had not been charged, though Canadian authorities had been alerted to watch for him. U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) did confirm they had boats patrolling northwest Washington waters looking for Jenkins, as early as Wednesday, August 19. The Whatcom County Sheriff's Department received witness reports of Jenkins' black BMW SUV towing a boat towards the Canadian border. Police later found the BMW SUV and an empty boat trailer at a marina in Blaine, Washington; the engine was still warm.

On August 19, a man matching Jenkins' description was seen piloting his boat into a marina in the border town of Point Roberts, where Jenkins' stepmother lives. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) announced that they believe Jenkins crossed into Canada sometime between August 19 and August 20, 2009.

On August 20, Jenkins was charged with Fiore's murder and an arrest warrant was issued. Also on the morning of August 20, 2009, Jenkins called his detained father at the airport but his father had to hang up the call.

On August 27, 2009, investigators found a storage unit full of Jenkins' belongings, including a suitcase full of clothes, in Washington state.

Apparent suicide

At about 6 p.m. on the evening of August 20, Jenkins arrived in a silver PT Cruiser with a young blonde woman at the Thunderbird Motel in Hope, British Columbia, Canada The car had Alberta license plates. They pulled up beside a dumpster rather than pulling up beside the rooms, which the motel manager claimed to have found strange. Jenkins stayed in the car while a young woman paid cash for three nights' accommodation. The manager described the woman as attractive, about 25 to 30 years old, and very calm, making some "small talk" when registering. The guest in the room next door said the woman stayed for about 20 minutes with Jenkins in Room 2 and then left the motel. The woman was never seen again. The manager saw Jenkins walking outside the motel the next day, August 21, 2009. The manager said Jenkins looked exhausted and he was not recognisable from his picture on television.

At 11:30 a.m. on August 23, the couple failed to check out. Having noticed very little further activity over the weekend, the motel manager and his nephew decided to check on the room. Jenkins was found dead, apparently of suicide; his body was found hanging from the wall's clothes rack by a belt. No suicide note was found in the motel.

Following the announcement that Jenkins was connected with the murder of Fiore, VH1 took ''Megan Wants a Millionaire'' off its schedule, as well as deleting the show's page from the official VH1 website. ''Megan Wants a Millionaire'' was postponed until further notice and was then canceled the day after Jenkins' death. The day after Jenkins' death, the network announced it would not run the third season of ''I Love Money'', which was reportedly won by Jenkins. This cannot be determined, however, because a 51 Minds spokesman said Jenkins tried to pick up his honorarium check of $5,200 a few days before Jasmine's body was discovered. A one-page suicide note saved on Jenkins' computer titled "Last Will and Testament" and dated August 20, 2009 was found by police.

References

External links

"Police: Violent Struggle Before Model's Murder" (Associated Press video hosted on YouTube)

In Pictures: The scene of reality star's apparent suicide (CTV British Columbia)

Charges may be tough in Jenkins case: lawyer (CTV British Columbia)

Adult chat line ad acted in by Fiore (TMZ)

GarageBand.com Machines Of Joy (Jazz Fiore, lead vocalist)

iLike Excerpt of "Delirious" by Machines of joy

"Jasmine Fiore Through the Years" (ABC News photo gallery)

Text of an e-mail that Jasmine Fiore received from Ryan Jenkins several weeks before her death

Murder warrant filed against Ryan Jenkins

Category:2009 murders in the United States Category:American female models Category:American murder victims Category:People murdered in California Category:2009 in California

es:Jasmine Fiore nl:Jasmine Fiore